Display device on/off detection methods and apparatus

ABSTRACT

Display device ON/OFF detection methods and apparatus are disclosed. Example display activity detectors disclosed herein are to extract regions from respective ones of captured video frames, the regions corresponding to a depiction of a display of a monitored media device Disclosed example display activity detectors are also to compute a distance metric that is to represent an amount a first one of the regions of a first one of the captured video frames differs from a corresponding second one of the regions of a second one of the captured video frames. Disclosed example display activity detectors are further to compare the distance metric to a threshold to determine whether the monitored media device is ON or OFF.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 17/164,483 (now U.S. Pat. No. 11,546,579), titled “Display DeviceON/OFF Detection Methods and Apparatus,” filed on Feb. 1, 2021, which isa continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/706,280 (now U.S.Pat. No. 10,911,749), titled “Display Device ON/OFF Detection Methodsand Apparatus,” filed on Dec. 6, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/417,128 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,506,226),titled “Display Device ON/OFF Detection Methods and Apparatus,” filed onMay 20, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 16/166,871 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,306,221), titled “Display DeviceON/OFF Detection Methods and Apparatus,” filed on Oct. 22, 2018, whichis a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/958,814 (nowU.S. Pat. No. 10,110,889), titled “Display Device ON/OFF DetectionMethods and Apparatus,” filed on Apr. 20, 2018, which is a continuationof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/207,019 (now U.S. Pat. No.9,961,342), titled “Display Device ON/OFF Detection Methods andApparatus,” filed on Jul. 11, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/015,664 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,420,334),titled “Display Device ON/OFF Detection Methods and Apparatus,” filed onAug. 30, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/831,870 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,526,626), titled “Display DeviceON/OFF Detection Methods and Apparatus,” filed on Jul. 7, 2010, which isa continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/576,328 (now U.S.Pat. No. 7,882,514), titled “Display Device ON/OFF Detection Methods andApparatus,” filed on Mar. 29, 2007, which is a U.S. national stage ofInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US2006/031960, titled “DisplayDevice ON/OFF Detection Methods and Apparatus,” filed on Aug. 16, 2006,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/708,557,titled “Display Device ON/OFF Detection Methods and Apparatus” and filedon Aug. 16, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/761,678,titled “Display Device ON/OFF Detection Methods and Apparatus” and filedon Jan. 24, 2006. Priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/708,557, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/761,678, InternationalApplication No. PCT/US2006/031960, U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/576,328, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/831,870, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/015,664, U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/207,019, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/958,814, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/166,871, U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/417,128, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/706,280 and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/164,483 is hereby claimed. U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/708,557, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/761,678,International Application No. PCT/US2006/031960, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/576,328, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/831,870, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/015,664, U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/207,019, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/958,814, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/166,871, U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/417,128, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/706,280 and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/164,483 are hereby incorporated by reference intheir respective entireties.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to audience measurement and, moreparticularly, to display device ON/OFF detection methods and apparatus.

BACKGROUND

Media ratings and metering information is typically generated bycollecting viewing records and/or other media consumption informationfrom a group of statistically selected households. Each of thestatistically selected households typically has a data logging andprocessing unit commonly referred to as a “home unit.” In householdshaving multiple viewing sites (e.g., multiple television systems or,more generally, multiple presentation devices), the data logging andprocessing functionality may be distributed among a single home unit andmultiple “site units,” one site unit for each viewing site. The homeunit (or the combination of the home unit and the site unit) is often incommunication with a variety of attachments that provide inputs to thehome unit or receive outputs from the metering unit. For example, afrequency detector attachment coupled with the home unit may be incommunication with a television to sense a local oscillator frequency ofthe television tuner. In this manner, the frequency detector attachmentmay be used by the home unit to determine the channel to which thetelevision is currently tuned based on a detected frequency. As anotherexample, a people meter may be located in the viewing space of thetelevision and in communication with the home unit, thereby enabling thehome unit to detect the identities and/or number of the personscurrently viewing programs displayed on the television. Additionaldevices may be provided, for example, to determine if the television isoperating (i.e., is turned ON) and/or the channel to which thetelevision is tuned.

In addition, building security and building monitoring systems arebecoming more and more prevalent in today's society. Such systems enablethe building owner to determine the status of various electronicappliances disposed in the building even when the building owner islocated remotely from the building premises. In many instances, thebuilding owner may desire to know the operating status, e.g., ON/OFF, ofa particular appliance, such as a television, or other mediadelivery/presentation device.

In another setting, parents often have an interest in monitoring theirchildren's television viewing habits, electronic gaming habits andcomputer usage habits. A component of monitoring such habits involvesdetermining the operating status of the appliance, electronic device,etc. of interest.

Media monitoring systems, building monitoring systems and parentingtools such as those described above, are only three (of many)applications in which an ON/OFF detection apparatus/device has use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example local metering system includingan example display device ON/OFF detector and shown coupled to anexample home entertainment system.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the example display device ON/OFF detectorof FIG. 1 .

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example set of audio processors that maybe used to implement the example display device ON/OFF detector of FIG.2 .

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example set of video processors that maybe used to implement the example display device ON/OFF detector of FIG.2 .

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example set of emissions processor thatmay be used to implement the example display device ON/OFF detector FIG.2 .

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a first example audio processor system thatmay be used to implement one or more of the example audio processors ofFIG. 3 .

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a second example audio processor systemthat may be used to implement one or more of the example audioprocessors of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example video processor system that maybe used to implement one or more of the example video processors of FIG.4 .

FIGS. 9A-B are block diagrams of two implementations of a first exampleemission processor system that may be used to implement the exampleelectromagnetic field detector of FIG. 5 .

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a second example emission processor systemthat may be used to implement the current detector of FIG. 5 .

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a third example emission processor systemthat may be used to implement the temperature detector of FIG. 5 .

FIGS. 12A-C are block diagrams of fourth, fifth and sixth exampleemission processor systems that may be used to implement the remotecontrol activity detector and/or the people meter activity detector ofFIG. 5 .

FIG. 13 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example audio codedetector of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 14 is a flowchart representative of first example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example audiosignature processor of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 15 is a flowchart representative of second example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example audiosignature processor of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 16 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example audio gainlevel processor of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 17 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example horizontalsync audio processor of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 18 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example quiet timedetector of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 19 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example fan noisedetector of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 20 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example audio sourcedetector of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 21 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example visible lightrhythm processor of FIG. 4 .

FIG. 22 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example displayactivity detector of FIG. 4 .

FIG. 23 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the exampleelectromagnetic field detector of FIG. 5 .

FIG. 24 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example currentdetector of FIG. 5 .

FIG. 25 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example temperaturedetector of FIG. 5 .

FIG. 26 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example remotecontrol activity detector and/or the people meter activity detector ofFIG. 5 .

FIG. 27 is a flowchart representative of first example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example decisionprocessor of FIG. 2 .

FIG. 28 is a flowchart representative of second example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example decisionprocessor of FIG. 2 .

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of an example computer that may execute theexample machine readable instructions of FIGS. 13-26 and/or 27 toimplement the example display device ON/OFF detector of FIG. 2 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A block diagram of an example local metering system 100 capable ofproviding viewing and metering information for program content presentedvia an example home entertainment system 102 is illustrated in FIG. 1 .The example home entertainment system 102 includes a broadcast source104, a set-top box (STB) 108, a signal splitter 116 and a display device120. The example local metering system 100 includes a metering unit 124and a display device ON/OFF detector 128. The components of the homeentertainment system 102 and the local metering system 100 may beconnected in any well-known manner including that shown in FIG. 1 . Forexample, in a statistically selected household having one or more homeentertainment systems 102, the metering unit 124 may be implemented as asingle home unit and one or more site units. In such a configuration,the single home unit may perform the functions of storing data andforwarding the stored data to a central facility for subsequentprocessing. Each site unit is coupled to a corresponding homeentertainment system 102 and performs the functions of collectingviewing/metering data, processing such data (possibly in real-time) andsending the processed data to the single home unit for that home. Thehome unit receives and stores the data collected by the site units andsubsequently forwards that collected data to the central facility.

The broadcast source 104 may be any broadcast media source, such as acable television service provider, a satellite television serviceprovider, a radio frequency (RF) television service provider, aninternet streaming video/audio provider, etc. The broadcast source 104may provide analog and/or digital television signals to the homeentertainment system 102, for example, over a coaxial cable or via awireless connection.

The STB 108 may be any set-top box, such as a cable televisionconverter, a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) decoder, a video cassetterecorder (VCR), etc. The set-top box 108 receives a plurality ofbroadcast channels from the broadcast source 104. Typically, the STB 108selects one of the plurality of broadcast channels based on a userinput, and outputs one or more signals received via the selectedbroadcast channel. In the case of an analog signal, the STB 108 tunes toa particular channel to obtain programming delivered on that channel.For a digital signal, the STB 108 may tune to a channel and decodecertain packets of data to obtain programming delivered on a selectedchannel. For example, the STB 108 may tune to a major channel and thenextract a program carried on a minor channel within the major channelvia the decoding process mentioned above. For some home entertainmentsystems 102, for example, those in which the broadcast source 104 is astandard RF analog television service provider or a basic analog cabletelevision service provider, the STB 108 may not be present as itsfunction is performed by a tuner in the display device 120.

In the illustrated example, an output from the STB 108 is fed to asignal splitter 116, such as a single analog y-splitter (in the case ofan RF coaxial connection between the STB 108 and the display device 120)or an audio/video splitter (in the case of a direct audio/videoconnection between the STB 108 and the display device 120). (Forconfigurations in which the STB 108 is not present, the broadcast source104 may be coupled directly to the signal splitter 116). In the examplehome entertainment system 102, the signal splitter produces two signalsindicative of the output from the STB 108. Of course, a person ofordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that any number ofsignals may be produced by the signal splitter 116.

In the illustrated example, one of the two signals from the signalsplitter 116 is fed to the display device 120 and the other signal isdelivered to the metering unit 124. The display device 120 may be anytype of video display device, such as a television. For example, thedisplay device 120 may be a television and/or other display device(e.g., a computer monitor, a CRT, an LCD, etc.) that supports theNational Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standard, the PhaseAlternating Line (PAL) standard, the Systéme Èlectronique pour Couleuravec Mémoire (SECAM) standard, a standard developed by the AdvancedTelevision Systems Committee (ATSC), such as high definition television(HDTV), a standard developed by the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)Project, or may be a multimedia computer system, etc.

In the example of FIG. 1 , the second of the two signals from the signalsplitter 116 (i.e., the signal carried by connection 136 in FIG. 1 ) iscoupled to an input of the metering unit 124. The metering unit 124 is adata logging and processing unit that may be used to generate viewingrecords and other viewing information useful for determining viewing andother metering information. The metering unit 124 typically collects aset of viewing records and transmits the collected viewing records overa connection 140 to a central office or data processing facility (notshown) for further processing or analysis. The connection 140 may be atelephone line, a return cable television connection, an RF or satelliteconnection, an internet connection or the like.

The metering unit 124 may be configured to determine identifyinginformation based on the signal corresponding to the program contentbeing output by the STB 108. For example, the metering unit 124 may beconfigured to decode an embedded code in the signal received viaconnection 136 that corresponds to the channel or program currentlybeing delivered by the STB 108 for display on the display device 120.The code may be embedded for purposes such as, for example, audiencemeasurement, program delivery (e.g., PIDS in a digital televisionpresentation, electronic program guide information, etc.) or delivery ofother services (e.g., embedded hyperlinks to related programming, closedcaption information, etc.). Alternatively or additionally, the meteringunit 124 may be configured to generate a program signature (e.g., aproxy signal which is uniquely representative of the program, signal)based on the signal received via connection 136 that corresponds to theprogram currently being delivered by the STB 108 for display on thedisplay device 120. The metering unit 124 may then add this programidentifying information (e.g., the code(s) and/or signature(s)) to theviewing records corresponding to the currently displayed program.

In the example local metering system 100, the display device ON/OFFdetector 128 is coupled to the metering unit 124. The display deviceON/OFF detector 128 is configured to determine whether the displaydevice 120 or other monitored information presenting device (e.g., acomputer monitor, etc.) is operating in an ON (active) state or an OFF(inactive) state. Such ON/OFF detection information concerning theoperating state of the information presenting device 120 may be used tomore accurately process the viewing information and viewing recordsdetermined by the metering unit 124. For example, in the homeentertainment system 102, it is possible that even though the displaydevice 120 is turned OFF, the STB 108 may be inadvertently orintentionally left in an ON (active) state such that the STB 108continues to receive and output program content provided by thebroadcast source 104. Without the ON/OFF detection information providedby the display device ON/OFF detector 128, the metering unit 124 (orsubsequent processing at, for example, a central facility) might creditthe program content provided by the STB 108 as being consumed eventhough the display device 120 is turned OFF. Thus, the display deviceON/OFF detector 128 may be used to augment the viewing informationand/or viewing records determined by the metering unit 124 to moreaccurately determine whether program content output by the STB 108 isactually presented by the display device 120.

To facilitate the determination of program identifying information andthe generation of viewing records for the program content received andoutput by the STB 108, as well as the determination of the operatingstate of the display device 120 or corresponding information presentingdevice, the metering unit 124 and the display device ON/OFF detector 128may be provided with one or more sensors 144. For example, a sensor 144may be implemented by a microphone placed in the proximity of thedisplay device 120 to receive audio signals corresponding to the programbeing displayed. The metering unit 124 and/or display device ON/OFFdetector 128 may then process the audio signals received from themicrophone 144 to decode any embedded ancillary code(s) and/or generateone or more audio signatures corresponding to a program being displayed.The display device ON/OFF detector 128 may also process the audio signalto determine whether the display device 120 is turned ON and emittingaudio signals consistent with operation in an active state.

Additionally or alternatively, a sensor 144 may be implemented by anon-screen display detector for capturing images displayed on the displaydevice 120 and processing regions of interest in the displayed image.The regions of interest may correspond, for example, to a broadcastchannel associated with the currently displayed program, a broadcasttime associated with the currently displayed program, a viewing timeassociated with the currently displayed program, etc. Example on-screendisplay detectors are disclosed by Nelson, et al. in U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/523,444 filed on Nov. 19, 2003, andPatent Cooperation Treaty Application Serial No. PCT/US04/12272 filed onApr. 19, 2004, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Additionally or alternatively, a sensor 144 could be implemented by afrequency detector to determine, for example, the channel to which thedisplay device 120 is tuned. Additionally or alternatively, a sensor 144could be implemented by an electromagnetic (EM) field pickup, a currentsensor and/or a temperature sensor configured to detect emissions fromthe display device 120 indicative of the display device 120 being turnedON. Persons having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that thereare a variety of sensors 144 that may be coupled with the metering unit124 and/or the display device ON/OFF detector to facilitate generationof viewing records and display device operating state data containingsufficient information to determine a set of desired ratings and/ormetering results. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will alsoappreciate that any or all of the sensors 144 may be located separatefrom and/or disposed in the metering unit 124, the display device ON/OFFdetector 128 and/or any combination thereof. Additionally oralternatively, any or all of the sensors 144 may be duplicated in themetering unit 124 and the display device ON/OFF detector 128 to, forexample, facilitate flexible placement of the various components of thelocal metering system 100 to permit metering of a wide range of homeentertainment systems 102.

The example home entertainment system 102 of FIG. 1 also includes aremote control device 160 to transmit control information that may bereceived by any or all of the STB 108, the display device 120, themetering unit 124 and/or the display device ON/OFF detector 128. Personshaving ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the remote controldevice 160 may transmit this information using a variety of techniques,including, but not limited to, infrared (IR) transmission, ultrasonictransmission, radio frequency transmission, wired/cabled connection, andthe like.

The example local metering system 100 of FIG. 1 also includes a peoplemeter 162 to capture information about the audience. The example peoplemeter 162 may be configured to receive information from a people metercontrol device 164 having a set of input keys, each assigned torepresent a single viewer. The people meter 162 may prompt the audiencemembers to indicate that they are present in the viewing audience bypressing the appropriate input key on the people meter control device164. The people meter 162 may also receive information from the meteringunit 124 to determine a time at which to prompt the audience members.Moreover, the metering unit 124 may receive information from the peoplemeter 162 and/or the people meter control device 164 to modify anoperation of the metering unit 124 (e.g., such as causing the meteringunit 124 to generate one or more viewing records based on a change inthe viewing audience). The display device ON/OFF detector 128 may alsoreceive information from the people meter 162 and/or people metercontrol device 164 to facilitate determination of whether the displaydevice 120 is currently turned ON (e.g., such as receiving responses toprompts displayed by the display device 120). As will be appreciated bypersons having ordinary skill in the art, the people meter controldevice 164 may transmit and/or receive information using a variety oftechniques, including, but not limited to, infrared (IR) transmission,radio frequency transmission, ultrasonic transmission, wired/cabledconnection, and the like. As will also be appreciated by persons havingordinary skill in the art, the people meter control device 164 andpeople meter 162 may be implemented by a combination of the remotecontrol device 160 and one or more of the STB 108 and/or the meteringunit 124. In such an implementation, the STB 108 and/or the meteringunit 124 may be configured to display prompting information and/or otherappropriate people meter content directly on the display device 120.Correspondingly, the remote control device 160 may be configured toaccept inputs from the viewing audience and transmit these user inputsto the appropriate device responsible for generating the people meterdisplay on the display device 120.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the meteringunit 124 and the display device ON/OFF detector 128 may be implementedas separate devices or integrated into a single unit. Additionally oralternatively, any or all or the metering unit 124, the display deviceON/OFF detector 128, or portions thereof may be integrated into the STB108 and/or the display device 120. For example, the display deviceON/OFF detector 128 could be integrated into the STB 108 such that STB108 is able to determine whether program content being received andoutput is also being presented by the monitored display device 120 orcorresponding information presenting device. Such display deviceoperating state information, coupled with operating state informationconcerning the STB 108 itself, could be transmitted back to thebroadcast provider responsible for the broadcast source 104 via aback-channel connection 168 to allow the broadcast provider to, forexample, monitor consumption of program content output by the STB 108and presented by the display device 120 in the absence of the meteringunit 124.

A block diagram of an example display device ON/OFF detector 200 thatmay be used to implement the display device ON/OFF detector 128 of FIG.1 is illustrated in FIG. 2 . The example display device ON/OFF detector200 is configured to process signals received from one or more sensors,such as the sensors 144 of FIG. 1 . In the example of FIG. 2 , thedisplay device ON/OFF detector 200 includes an audio sensor 204, a videosensor 208 and an emission sensor 212. The audio sensor 204 may be oneor more microphones positioned to detect audio signals emitted by thedisplay device 120 or corresponding information presenting device. Thevideo sensor 208 may be, for example, a camera, a single output analogor digital light sensor, etc., positioned to detect the display area ofthe display device 120 or corresponding information presenting device.The emission sensor 212 may include one or more sensors configured todetect emissions from the display device 120 or correspondinginformation presenting device, or emissions from other devices that maybe indicative of the operating state of the display device 120 orcorresponding information presenting device. For example, the emissionsensor 212 may include an EM field pickup to detect EM emissions fromthe display device 120, a current detector to detect current draw from apower source coupled to the display device 120, a temperature sensor todetect heat radiated by the display device 120, a receiver to detectcontrol signals from, for example, the remote control device 160 and/orpeople meter control device 164 indicative of an active display device120, etc.

The display device ON/OFF detector 200 includes one or more audioprocessors 228 to process the audio signal 230 output by the audiosensor 224. The audio processors 228 are configured to determinecharacteristics of the input audio signal 230 and/or informationincluded in the input audio signal 230 that may be used to ascertainwhether the monitored information presenting is turned ON and operatingin an active state. Examples of audio processors 228 are discussed ingreater detail below in connection with FIG. 3 .

The example display device ON/OFF detector 200 also includes one or morevideo processors 232 to process the video signal 234 output by the videosensor 208. Similar to the audio processors 228, the video processors232 are configured to determine characteristics of the input videosignal 234 and/or information included in the input video signal 234that may be used to ascertain whether the information presenting devicemonitored by the display device ON/OFF detector 200 (e.g., the displaydevice 120) is turned ON and operating in an active state. Examples ofvideo processors 232 are discussed in greater detail below in connectionwith FIG. 4 .

The example display device ON/OFF detector 200 also includes one or moreemission processors 236 to process the emission signals 238 output bythe emission sensor 212. Similar to the audio processors 228 and thevideo processors 232, the emission processors 236 are configured todetermine characteristics of the input emission signals 238 and/orinformation included in the input emission signals 238 that may be usedto ascertain whether the information presenting device monitored by thedisplay device ON/OFF detector 200 (e.g., the display device 120) isturned ON and operating in an active state. Examples of emissionprocessors 236 are discussed in greater detail below in connection withFIG. 5 .

The example display device ON/OFF detector 200 of FIG. 2 includes adecision processor 244 to process the ON/OFF decision outputs 246, 248and 250 generated by the audio processor(s) 228, the video processor(s)232 and/or the emission processor(s) 236, if present. The decisionprocessor 244 processes the available input information to determinewhether the information presenting device monitored by the displaydevice ON/OFF detector 200 (e.g., the display device 120) is turned ONand operating in an active state. The decision processor 244 outputs itsON/OFF decision via the device ON/OFF decision output 254. An exampleset of machine readable instructions which may be executed to implementthe decision processor 244 is discussed in greater detail below inconnection with FIG. 27 .

An example set of audio processors 228 is shown in FIG. 3 . The audioprocessors 228 process the input audio signal(s) 230 provided, forexample, by the audio sensor(s) 204 of FIG. 2 . The input audiosignal(s) 230 are intended to correspond to an audio signal being outputby a monitored information presenting device, such as the display device120 of FIG. 1 . A particular audio processor in the set of audioprocessors 228 may be configured to sample and process the input audiosignal 230 at a frequency that depends on the processing performed bythat particular audio processor. Thus, the audio processors 228 mayoperate autonomously and read the input audio signal 230 and generatecorresponding audio processor outputs 246 in an autonomous fashion.

The example set of audio engines 228 of FIG. 3 includes an audio codedetector 312, an audio signature processor 316, an audio gain levelprocessor 320, a horizontal sync audio processor 324, a quiet timedetector 328, a fan noise processor 332 and an audio source detector336. The example audio code detector 312 is configured to detect audiocodes that may be embedded in the audio signal corresponding to theinput audio signal 230. As is known, audio codes may be used to encodeand embed identifying information (e.g., a broadcast/network channelnumber, a program identification code, a broadcast time stamp, a sourceidentifier to identify a network and/or station providing and/orbroadcasting the content, etc.) in, for example, non-audible portions ofthe audio signal accompanying a broadcast program. Methods and apparatusfor implementing the audio code detector 312 are known in the art. Forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,272,176, incorporated herein by reference inits entirety, Srinivasan discloses a broadcast encoding system andmethod for encoding and decoding information transmitted within an audiosignal. This and/or any other appropriate technique may be used toimplement the audio code detector 312. Additionally, example machinereadable instructions 1300 that may be executed to implement the audiocode detector 312 are discussed in the detailed description of FIG. 13below.

The example audio signature processor 316 of FIG. 3 is configured togenerate and process audio signatures corresponding to the input audiosignal 230. As is known, characteristics of the audio portion ofpresented program content may be used to generate a substantially uniqueproxy or signature (e.g., a series of digital values, a waveform, etc.)for that content. The signature information for the content beingpresented may be compared to a set of reference signatures correspondingto a known set of content. When a substantial match is found, thecurrently presented program content can be identified with a relativelyhigh probability. Methods and apparatus for implementing the audiosignature processor 316 are known in the art. For example, in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/427,970, incorporated herein by referencein its entirety, Srinivasan, et al. disclose audio signature extractionand correlation techniques. As another example, in Patent CooperationTreaty Application Serial No. PCT/US03/22562, incorporated herein byreference in its entirety, Lee, et al. disclose signature based programidentification apparatus and methods for use with a digital broadcastsystem. These and/or any other appropriate technique may be used toimplement the audio signature processor 316. Additionally, examplemachine readable instructions 1400 and 1500 that may be executed toimplement the audio signature processor 316 are discussed in thedetailed description of FIGS. 14-15 below.

The example audio gain level processor 320 of FIG. 3 is configured todetermine the amount of amplifier gain applied to the input audio signal230 to appropriately fill the dynamic range of an analog-to-digitalconverter used to sample the input audio signal 230 for processing bythe various audio signal processors 228. Knowledge of the amount of gainapplied to the input audio signal 230 may be used, for example, by adecision processor, such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 , todetermine whether a monitored information presenting device is ON andemitting an audio signal. Example machine readable instructions 1600that may be executed to implement the audio gain level processor 320 arediscussed in the detailed description of FIG. 16 below.

The example horizontal sync audio processor 324 of FIG. 3 is configuredto determine whether the input audio signal 230 includes audio emissionsgenerated by a horizontal scan fly-back transformer used to scan anelectron beam across a picture tube of a monitored informationpresenting device, such as the display device 120 of FIG. 1 . Forexample, in a display device 120 operating in accordance with the NTSCstandard, the laminations of the fly-back transformer emit a tonal audiosignal at approximately 15.75 kHz. Knowledge of the whether the inputaudio signal 230 includes audio emission corresponding to the horizontalscan fly-back transformer may be used, for example, by a decisionprocessor, such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 , to determinewhether a monitored information presenting device is ON. Methods andapparatus which may be adapted to implement the horizontal sync audioprocessor 324 are known in the art. For example, Patent CooperationTreaty Application Serial No. PCT/US02/12333, incorporated herein byreference in its entirety, discloses a television proximity sensor basedon monitoring the audio signal emitted by a horizontal scan fly-backtransformer. This and/or any other appropriate technique may be used toimplement the horizontal sync audio processor 324. Additionally, examplemachine readable instructions 1700 that may be executed to implement thehorizontal sync audio processor 324 are discussed in the detaileddescription of FIG. 17 below.

The example quiet time detector 328 of FIG. 3 is configured to determinewhether the input audio signal 230 includes quiet time characteristicstypically associated with, for example, broadcast channel change events,etc. Knowledge of the whether the input audio signal 230 includes quiettime characteristics may be used, for example, by a decision processor,such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 , to determine whether amonitored information presenting device is ON based on the presence ofaudio indicative of the information presenting device being controlledby a user. Methods and apparatus which may be adapted to implement thequiet time detector 328 are known in the art. For example, PatentCooperation Treaty Application Serial No. PCT/US03/27336, incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety, discloses audio based methods andapparatus for detecting channel change events which employ detection ofquiet-time intervals. This and/or any other appropriate technique may beused to implement the quiet time detector 328. Additionally, examplemachine readable instructions 1800 that may be executed to implement thequiet time detector 328 are discussed in the detailed description ofFIG. 18 below.

The example fan noise detector 332 of FIG. 3 is configured to determinewhether the input audio signal 230 includes a component indicative ofaudio noise generated by a fan assembly operating in a monitoredinformation presenting device. Knowledge of the whether the input audiosignal 230 includes fan noise may be used, for example, by a decisionprocessor, such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 , to determinewhether a monitored information presenting device is ON based on theactivation of an associated fan assembly. Example machine readableinstructions 1900 that may be executed to implement the fan noisedetector 332 are discussed in the detailed description of FIG. 19 below.

The example audio source detector 336 of FIG. 3 is configured todetermine the location of the source of the input audio signal 230.Knowledge of the location of the source of the input audio signal 230may be used, for example, by a decision processor, such as the decisionprocessor 244 of FIG. 2 , to determine whether a monitored informationpresenting device is ON based on whether the determined source locationcoincides with the monitored information presenting device. Methods andapparatus which may be adapted to implement the audio source detector336 are known in the art. For example, in “A Tentative Typology of AudioSource Separation Tasks,” ICA2003, April 2003, incorporated herein byreference in its entirety, Vincent, et al. discuss techniques for audiosource separation. Additionally, in “Using IIDs to Estimate Sound SourceDirection,” in From Animals to Animats 7, edited by Hallam, et al., MITPress, 2002, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, Smithdiscusses techniques for using inter-aural intensity differences todetermine audio source direction information. These and/or any otherappropriate technique may be used to implement the audio source detector336. Additionally, example machine readable instructions 2000 that maybe executed to implement the audio source detector 336 are discussed inthe detailed description of FIG. 20 below.

As shown in the example of FIG. 3 , the results of each audio processor312-336 may be scaled/prioritized by a set of respective weights340-364. For example, the weights 340-364 may explicitly scale theprocessor results based on the amount of information, amount ofconfidence, etc. that a respective result may contribute to theprocessing performed by a decision processor, such as the decisionprocessor 224 of FIG. 2 . Additionally or alternatively, the weights340-364 may be implicit and based, for example, on a stage in which aparticular audio processor result is used in a decision processperformed by the decision processor, the priority given a particularaudio processor result by the decision processor, etc. In any case, thescaling may be dynamic or static. Also, the weights 340-364 may beeliminated explicitly or implicitly be setting the values of the weights340-364 all equal to one.

An example set of video processors 232 is shown in FIG. 4 . The videoprocessors 232 process the input video signal 234 provided, for example,by the video sensor 208 of FIG. 2 . The input video signal 234 isintended to be representative of a display corresponding to a monitoredpresentation device, such as the display device 120 of FIG. 1 . Aparticular video processor in the set of video processors 232 may beconfigured to sample and process the input video signal 234 at afrequency that depends on the processing performed by that particularvideo processor. Thus, the video processors 232 may operate autonomouslyand sample the input video signal 234 and generate corresponding videoprocessor outputs 248 in an autonomous fashion.

The example set of video engines 232 of FIG. 4 includes a visible lightrhythm processor 412 and a display activity detector 416. The examplevisible light rhythm processor 412 of FIG. 4 is configured to determinewhether light patterns over time associated with the input video signal234 corresponds to patterns indicative of an active display of amonitored information presenting device. Knowledge of whether the inputvideo signal 234 includes such light patterns may be used, for example,by a decision processor, such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 ,to determine whether a monitored information presenting device is ONbased on whether the light patterns are indicative of an active displaydevice. Methods and apparatus which may be adapted to implement thevisible light rhythm processor 412 are known in the art. For example,Patent Cooperation Treaty Application Serial No. PCT/US03/30370,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses methods andapparatus to detect an operating state of a display based on visiblelight. This and/or any other appropriate technique may be used toimplement the visible light rhythm processor 412. Additionally, examplemachine readable instructions 2100 that may be executed to implement thevisible light rhythm processor 412 are discussed in the detaileddescription of FIG. 21 below.

The example display activity detector 416 of FIG. 4 is configured todetermine whether a particular region of a monitored scene correspondingto the input video signal 234 varies in accordance with an activedisplay of a monitored information presenting device. Knowledge ofwhether the input video signal 234 includes such varied scene activitymay be used, for example, by a decision processor, such as the decisionprocessor 244 of FIG. 2 , to determine whether a monitored informationpresenting device is ON based on whether the regions of the sceneassociated with the display of the information presenting deviceindicate that the display is active. Example machine readableinstructions 2200 that may be executed to implement the display activitydetector 416 are discussed in the detailed description of FIG. 22 below.

As shown in the example of FIG. 4 , the results of each video processor412-416 may be scaled/prioritized by a set of respective weights432-436. For example, the weights 432-436 may explicitly scale the videoprocessor results based on the amount of information, amount ofconfidence, etc. that a respective result may contribute to theprocessing performed by a decision processor, such as the decisionprocessor 224 of FIG. 2 . Additionally or alternatively, the weights432-436 may be implicit and based, for example, on a stage in which aparticular video processor result is used in a decision processperformed by the decision processor, the priority given a particularvideo processor result by the decision processor, etc. In any case, thescaling may be dynamic or static. Also, the weights 432-436 may beeliminated explicitly or implicitly be setting the values of the weights432-436 all equal to one.

An example set of emissions processors 236 is shown in FIG. 5 . Theemissions processors 236 of FIG. 5 process the input emission signals238 provided, for example, by the emission sensors 212 of FIG. 2 . Theinput emissions signals 238 are intended to correspond to one or moreemissions from a monitored presentation device, such as the displaydevice 120 of FIG. 1 . A particular emission processor in the set ofemission processors 236 may be configured to sample and process theappropriate input emission signal 238 at a frequency that depends on theprocessing performed by that particular emission processor. Thus, theemission processors 236 may operate autonomously and sample theappropriate input emission signal 238 and generate correspondingemission processor outputs 250 in an autonomous fashion.

The example set of emissions processors 236 of FIG. 5 includes anelectromagnetic (EM) field detector 512, a current detector 516, atemperature detector 520, a remote control activity detector 524 and apeople meter activity detector 528. The example EM field detector 512 ofFIG. 5 is configured to process an EM field emission input 532corresponding to an EM field measured by an appropriately configuredemission sensor 212. Knowledge of whether the EM field emission input532 corresponds to EM field emissions from a monitored informationpresenting device may be used, for example, by a decision processor,such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 , to determine whether themonitored information presenting device is ON. Any known technique maybe used to implement the EM field detector 512. Additionally, examplemachine readable instructions 2300 that may be executed to implement theEM field detector 512 are discussed in the detailed description of FIG.23 below.

The example current detector 516 of FIG. 5 is configured to process acurrent input 536 corresponding to a current measured by anappropriately configured emission sensor 212. Knowledge of whether thecurrent input 536 corresponds to an amount of current that would bedrawn from a power source coupled to an actively-operating monitoredinformation presenting device may be used, for example, by a decisionprocessor, such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 , to determinewhether the monitored information presenting device is ON. Any knowntechnique may be used to implement the current detector 516.Additionally, example machine readable instructions 2400 that may beexecuted to implement the current detector 516 are discussed in thedetailed description of FIG. 24 below.

The example temperature detector 520 of FIG. 5 is configured to processone or more temperature inputs 540 corresponding to, for example,sensors 212 configured to measure the temperature of a monitoredinformation presenting device and the ambient air temperature of a roomin which the information presenting device is located. Knowledge ofwhether the temperature of the monitored information presenting deviceis substantially higher than the ambient air temperature may be used,for example, by a decision processor, such as the decision processor 244of FIG. 2 , to determine whether the monitored information presentingdevice is ON. Example machine readable instructions 2500 that may beexecuted to implement the temperature detector 520 are discussed in thedetailed description of FIG. 25 below.

The example remote control activity detector 524 of FIG. 5 is configuredto process a remote control signal input 544 corresponding to a receivedsignal from an appropriately configured emission sensor 212. Knowledgeof whether the remote control signal input 544 corresponds to a validremote control command may be used, for example, by a decisionprocessor, such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 , to determinewhether a monitored information presenting device is ON. Example machinereadable instructions 2600 that may be executed to implement the remotecontrol activity detector 524 are discussed in the detailed descriptionof FIG. 26 below.

The example people meter activity detector 528 of FIG. 5 is configuredto process a people meter signal input 548 corresponding to a receivedsignal from an appropriately configured emission sensor 212. Knowledgeof whether the remote control signal input 544 corresponds to a validpeople meter response and/or command may be used, for example, by adecision processor, such as the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 , todetermine whether a monitored information presenting device is ON.Example machine readable instructions 2600 that may be executed toimplement the people meter activity detector 528 are discussed in thedetailed description of FIG. 26 below.

As shown in the example of FIG. 5 , the results of each emissionprocessor 512-528 may be scaled/prioritized by a set of respectiveweights 552-568. For example, the weights 552-568 may explicitly scalethe emission processor results based on the amount of information,amount of confidence, etc. that a respective result may contribute tothe processing performed by a decision processor, such as the decisionprocessor 224 of FIG. 2 . Additionally or alternatively, the weights552-568 may be implicit and based, for example, on a stage in which aparticular emission processor result is used in a decision processperformed by the decision processor, the priority given a particularemission processor result by the decision processor, etc. In any case,the scaling may be dynamic or static. Also, the weights 552-568 may beeliminated explicitly or implicitly be setting the values of the weights552-568 all equal to one.

A first example audio processor system 600 that may be used to implementany or all of the audio code detector 312, the audio signature processor316, the audio gain level processor 320, the horizontal sync audioprocessor 324, the quiet time detector 328 and/or the fan noiseprocessor 332 of FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 6 . The example audio processorsystem 600 is configured to process audio signals emanating from themonitored display device 120 (or, more generally, a correspondinginformation presenting device) and detected by the audio sensor 204. Theaudio processor system 600 includes an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter604 to sample the audio signal 230 output by the audio sensor 204 andconvert the audio signal 230 to a digital format for processing by theprocessor 612. The audio processor system 600 also includes a variablegain amplifier (VGA) 616 which may amplify or attenuate, as needed, theaudio signal 230 so that the audio signal 230 appropriately fills thedynamic range of the A/D converter 604 to yield a desired bit resolutionat the output of the A/D converter 604.

The processor 612 may be configured to control the gain/attenuationprovided by the VGA 616 based on any known automatic gain control (AGC)algorithm. For example, an AGC algorithm implemented by the processor612 may control the VGA 616 to yield an output of the A/D converter 604having an amplitude, variance, standard deviation, energy, etc. within apredetermined range. The predetermined range is typically derived fromthe characteristics of the particular A/D converter 604 to result in again/attenuation of the VGA 616 that appropriately fills the dynamicrange of the A/D converter 604.

In addition to implementing the AGC algorithm, the processor 612 mayalso be configured to execute machine readable instructions to implementone or more of the audio code detector 312, the audio signatureprocessor 316, the audio gain level processor 320, the horizontal syncaudio processor 324, the quiet time detector 328 and/or the fan noiseprocessor 332. Such machine readable instructions are discussed ingreater detail below in connection with FIGS. 13-19 .

A second example audio processor system 700 that may be used toimplement any or all of the audio code detector 312, the audio signatureprocessor 316, the audio gain level processor 320, the horizontal syncaudio processor 324, the quiet time detector 328, the fan noiseprocessor 332 and/or the audio source detector 336 of FIG. 3 is shown inFIG. 7 . The example audio processor system 700 is configured to processaudio signals emanating from the monitored display device 120 (or, moregenerally, a corresponding information presenting device) and detectedby two or more audio sensors 204A-B. The audio processor system 700includes a first A/D converter 704A to sample the audio signal 230Aoutput by the audio sensor 204A and convert the audio signal 230A to adigital format for processing by the processor 712. The audio processorsystem 700 also includes a first VGA 716A which may amplify orattenuate, as needed, the audio signal 230A so that the audio signal230A appropriately fills the dynamic range of the A/D converter 604A toyield a desired bit resolution at the output of the A/D converter 604A.

The audio processor system 700 also includes a second A/D converter 704Bto sample the audio signal 230B output by the audio sensor 204B andconvert the audio signal 230B to a digital format for processing by theprocessor 712. Additionally, the audio processor system 700 includes asecond VGA 716B which may amplify or attenuate, as needed, the audiosignal 230B so that the audio signal 230B appropriately fills thedynamic range of the A/D converter 704B to yield a desired bitresolution at the output of the A/D converter 704B.

The processor 712 may be configured to control the gain/attenuationprovided by the VGAs 716A-B based on any known AGC algorithm asdiscussed above in connection with FIG. 6 . In addition to implementingthe AGC algorithm, the processor 712 may also be configured to executemachine readable instructions to implement one or more of the audio codedetector 312, the audio signature processor 316, the audio gain levelprocessor 320, the horizontal sync audio processor 324, the quiet timedetector 328, the fan noise processor 332 and/or the audio sourcedetector 336. Such machine readable instructions are discussed ingreater detail below in connection with FIGS. 13-20 .

An example video processor system 800 that may be used to implement anyor all of the visible light rhythm processor 412 and/or the displayactivity detector 416 of FIG. 4 is shown in FIG. 8 . The example videoprocessor system 800 is configured to process video signalscorresponding to the display of the monitored display device 120 (or,more generally, a corresponding information presenting device) asdetected by the video sensor 208. The video processor system 800includes a frame grabber 804 to capture video frames corresponding tovideo signal 234 output by the video sensor 208 for processing by theprocessor 812. Any known technique for capturing video frames andstoring such video frames in a digital format may be used to implementthe frame grabber 804.

The processor 812 may be configured to execute machine readableinstructions to implement one or more of the visible light rhythmprocessor 412 and/or the display activity detector 416. Such machinereadable instructions are discussed in greater detail below inconnection with FIGS. 21-22 .

An example EM field processor system 900 that may be used to implementthe EM field detector 512 of FIG. 5 is shown in FIGS. 9A-B. The exampleEM field processor system 900 is configured to process EM fieldemissions corresponding to the monitored display device 120 (or, moregenerally, a corresponding information presenting device) as detected byan emission sensor 212 implemented alternatively as an inductive orcapacitive pickup 212 in FIG. 9A or as an antenna pickup 212 in FIG. 9B.In the examples of FIGS. 9A-9B, the emission sensor 212 provides the EMfield signal 532 shown in FIG. 5 for processing by the EM fieldprocessor system 900. Inductive, capacitive and antenna pickups fordetecting EM fields are known and, as such, are not discussed furtherherein.

The EM field processor system 900 includes an A/D converter 904 tosample the EM field signal 532 output by the emission sensor 212 andconvert the EM field signal 532 to a digital format for processing bythe processor 912. The processor 912 may be configured to executemachine readable instructions to implement the EM field detector 512.Such machine readable instructions are discussed in greater detail belowin connection with FIG. 23 .

An example current measurement processor system 1000 that may be used toimplement the current detector 516 of FIG. 5 is shown in FIG. 10 . Theexample current measurement processor system 1000 is configured tomeasure the amount of current drawn by the monitored display device 120(or, more generally, a corresponding information presenting device) froma power source 1002. The current draw is detected by an emission sensor212 implemented, for example, as a current sense transformer 212 coupledbetween the monitored display device 120 and the power source 1002 asshown. In the example of FIG. 10 , the emission sensor 212 provides thecurrent measurement signal 536 shown in FIG. 5 for processing by thecurrent measurement processor system 1000. Current sense transformersfor measuring current draw are known and, as such, are not discussedfurther herein.

The current measurement processor system 1000 includes an A/D converter1004 to sample the current measurement signal 536 output by the emissionsensor 212 and convert the current measurement signal 536 to a digitalformat for processing by the processor 1012. The processor 1012 may beconfigured to execute machine readable instructions to implement thecurrent detector 516. Such machine readable instructions are discussedin greater detail below in connection with FIG. 24 .

An example temperature processor system 1100 that may be used toimplement the temperature detector 520 of FIG. 5 is shown in FIG. 11 .The example temperature processor system 1100 is configured to measureheat emanating from the monitored display device 120 (or, moregenerally, a corresponding information presenting device). The heatemanating from the monitored display device 120 is detected by anemission sensor 212A implemented, for example, as a temperature sensor212A coupled or positioned proximate to the monitored display device 120as shown. In the example of FIG. 11 , the emission sensor 212A providesa first temperature signal 540A, similar to the temperature signal 540shown in FIG. 5 , for processing by the temperature processor system1100.

The temperature processor system 1100 may also include a second emissionsensor 212B implemented, for example, as a temperature sensor 212B. Thesecond emission sensor 212B may positioned to measure, for example, theambient temperature of the room in which the monitored display device120 is located. In the example of FIG. 11 , the emission sensor 212Bprovides a second temperature signal 540B, similar to the temperaturesignal 540 shown in FIG. 5 , for processing by the temperature processorsystem 1100. The temperature sensors 212A-B may be implemented by, forexample, thermistors, analog silicon temperature sensors and/or digitalsilicon temperature sensors, all of which are known and, as such, arenot discussed further herein.

The temperature processor system 1100 includes a first A/D converter1104A to sample the temperature signal 540A output by the emissionsensor 212A and convert the temperature signal 540A to a digital formatfor processing by the processor 1112. The temperature processor system1100 also includes a second A/D converter 1104B to sample thetemperature signal 540B output by the emission sensor 212B and convertthe audio signal 540B to a digital format for processing by theprocessor 1112. The processor 1112 may be configured to execute machinereadable instructions to implement the temperature detector 520. Suchmachine readable instructions are discussed in greater detail below inconnection with FIG. 25 .

Three example remote device activity processor systems 1200, 1250 any1280, any or all of which may be used to implement the remote controlactivity detector 524 and/or the people meter activity detector 528 ofFIG. 5 , are shown in FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C, respectively. The exampleremote device activity processor systems 1200, 1250 and 1280 areconfigured to measure control signals transmitted by the remote controldevice 160 and/or by the people meter control device 164 used inconjunction with the monitored display device 120. In the first exampleremote device activity processor system 1200, the control signals aredetected by an emission sensor 212 implemented, for example, as aninfrared (IR) detector 212 for scenarios in which either or both of theremote control device 160 and/or the people meter control device 164employ IR signal transmission. In the second example remote deviceactivity processor system 1250, the control signals are detected by anemission sensor 212 implemented, for example, as an antenna 212 forscenarios in which either or both of the remote control device 160and/or the people meter control device 164 employ RF signaltransmission. In the third example remote device activity processorsystem 1280, the control signals are detected by an emission sensor 212implemented, for example, as an ultrasonic transducer 212 for scenariosin which either or both of the remote control device 160 and/or thepeople meter control device 164 employ ultrasonic signal transmission.IR detectors, antennas and ultrasonic transducers are known and, assuch, are not discussed further herein.

The first example remote device activity processor system 1200 includesan IR receiver 1204 to receive IR signals detected by the IR detector212. The IR receiver 1204 generates corresponding received controlsignals from the IR signals and outputs the received control signals forprocessing by the processor 1212. The second example remote deviceactivity processor system 1250 includes a wireless receiver 1254 toreceive RF signals detected by the antenna 212. The wireless receiver1254 generates corresponding received control signals from the RFsignals and outputs the received control signals for processing by theprocessor 1212. The third example remote device activity processorsystem 1280 includes an ultrasonic receiver 1284 to receive ultrasonicsignals detected by the ultrasonic transducer 212. The ultrasonicreceiver 1284 generates corresponding received control signals from theultrasonic signals and outputs the received control signals forprocessing by the processor 1292. The processors 1212, 1262 and 1292 maybe configured to execute machine readable instructions to implement theremote control activity detector 524 and/or the people meter activitydetector 528. Such machine readable instructions are discussed ingreater detail below in connection with FIG. 26 .

Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions thatmay be executed to implement the audio processors 228 of FIG. 3 , thevideo processors 232 of FIG. 4 , the emission processors 236 of FIG. 5and/or the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 are shown in FIG. 13 through28 . In these examples, the machine readable instructions represented byeach flowchart may comprise one or more programs for execution by: (a) aprocessor, such as the processors 612, 712, 812, 912, 1012, 1112, 1212,1262 and/or 1292, or the processor 2912 shown in the example computer2900 discussed below in connection with FIG. 29 , (b) a controller,and/or (c) any other suitable device. The one or more programs may beembodied in software stored on a tangible medium such as, for example, aflash memory, a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a DVD, or a memoryassociated with the processors 612, 712, 812, 912, 1012, 1112, 1212,1262, 1292 and/or 2912, but persons of ordinary skill in the art willreadily appreciate that the entire program or programs and/or portionsthereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than theprocessors 612, 712, 812, 912, 1012, 1112, 1212, 1262, 1292 and/or 2912and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware in a well-known manner(e.g., implemented by an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC),a programmable logic device (PLD), a field programmable logic device(FPLD), discrete logic, etc.). For example, any or all of the audioprocessors 228, the video processors 232, the emission processors 236and/or the decision processor 244 could be implemented by anycombination of software, hardware, and/or firmware. Also, some or all ofthe machine readable instructions represented by the flowchart of FIGS.13 through 28 may be implemented manually. Further, although the examplemachine readable instructions are described with reference to theflowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 13 through 28 , persons of ordinaryskill in the art will readily appreciate that many other techniques forimplementing the example methods and apparatus described herein mayalternatively be used. For example, with reference to the flowchartsillustrated in FIGS. 13 through 28 , the order of execution of theblocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may bechanged, eliminated, combined and/or subdivided into multiple blocks.

Example machine readable instructions 1300 that may be executed toimplement the audio code detector 312 of FIG. 3 are shown in FIG. 13 .The machine readable instructions 1300 process audio signals emitted byan information presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1), detected by an audio sensor (e.g., the audio sensor 204 of FIGS. 2and 6 ) and input to the audio code detector 312. The machine readableinstructions 1300 may be executed periodically (e.g., as part of aprogram loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response to one or moreevents) to determine whether the monitored information presenting deviceis ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 1300 begin execution atblock 1304 at which the audio code detector 312 performs an automaticgain control (AGC) algorithm which causes a variable gain amplifier(VGA) (e.g., the VGA 616 of FIG. 6 ) to amplify or attenuate the audiosignal (e.g., the audio signal 230 of FIGS. 2 and 6 ) applied to theinput of the audio code detector 312. The audio signal isamplified/attenuated to appropriately fill the dynamic range of an A/Dconverter (e.g., the A/D converter 604 of FIG. 6 ) used to sample andconvert the audio signal to a digital format for further processing. Anexample AGC algorithm implemented by the audio code detector 312 maycontrol the VGA to yield an output of the A/D converter having anamplitude, variance, standard deviation, energy, etc. within apredetermined range. The predetermined range is based on thecharacteristics of the particular A/D converter and targeted to achievean appropriate filling of the A/D converter's dynamic range. AGCalgorithms are known in the art and, as such, are not discussed furtherherein.

After convergence of the AGC algorithm at block 1304, control proceedsto block 1308 at which the audio code detector 312 checks for audiocodes present in the received audio signal. Any appropriate techniquefor decoding audio codes embedded in a content presentation may be used,such as one or more of those discussed above in connection with thedescription of FIG. 3 . If at block 1312 the audio code detector 312detects the presence of a valid audio code, control proceeds to block1316 at which the audio code detector 312 determines the monitoredinformation presenting device is ON. The audio code detector 312 makessuch a determination because the presence of the valid audio codeindicates that the monitored information presenting device is emittingan audio signal corresponding to presented program content. If, however,at block 1312 the audio code detector 312 does not detect the presenceof a valid audio code, control proceeds to block 1320 at which the audiocode detector 312 determines the monitored information presenting deviceis probably OFF. Here, the audio code detector 312 uses the lack of avalid code to decide that the monitored information presenting device isnot emitting an audio signal corresponding to presented program contentand, therefore, is probably turned OFF (although the device could beoperating in an audio mute state). In any case, after the audio codedetector 312 makes a determination at block 1316 or block 1320,execution of the machine readable instructions 1300 ends.

First example machine readable instructions 1400 that may be executed toimplement the audio signature processor 316 of FIG. 3 are shown in FIG.14 . The machine readable instructions 1400 process audio signalsemitted by an information presenting device (e.g., the display device120 of FIG. 1 ), detected by an audio sensor (e.g., the audio sensor 204of FIGS. 2 and 6 ) and input to the audio signature processor 316. Themachine readable instructions 1400 may be executed periodically (e.g.,as part of a program loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response toone or more events) to determine whether the monitored informationpresenting device is ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 1400begin execution at block 1404 at which the audio signature processor 316performs an AGC algorithm which causes a VGA (e.g., the VGA 616 of FIG.6 ) to amplify or attenuate the audio signal (e.g., the audio signal 230of FIGS. 2 and 6 ) applied to the input of the audio signature processor316. The audio signal is amplified/attenuated to appropriately fill thedynamic range of an A/D converter (e.g., the A/D converter 604 of FIG. 6) used to sample and convert the audio signal to a digital format forfurther processing. AGC algorithms are discussed in greater detail abovein connection with FIG. 13 and, as such, are not discussed furtherherein.

After convergence of the AGC algorithm at block 1404, control proceedsto block 1408 at which the audio signature processor 316 generates anaudio signature from the received audio signal. Any appropriatetechnique for generating audio signatures based on an audio signalcorresponding to a content presentation may be used, such as one or moreof those discussed above in connection with the description of FIG. 3 .If at block 1412 the audio signature processor 316 determines that theaudio signature generates at block 1408 matches a known referencesignature, control proceeds to block 1416 at which the audio signatureprocessor 316 determines that the monitored information presentingdevice is ON. The audio signature processor 316 makes such adetermination because the signature match indicates that the monitoredinformation presenting device is, at least, emitting an audio signalcorresponding to presented program content corresponding to thereference audio signature. If, however, at block 1412 the audiosignature processor 316 does not detect a match, control proceeds toblock 1420 at which the audio signature processor 316 determines thatthe monitored information presenting device is probably OFF. Here, theaudio signature processor 316 uses the lack of a match to decide thatthe monitored information presenting device is not emitting an audiosignal corresponding to presented program content and, therefore, isprobably turned OFF (although the lack of a match could also correspondto an audio mute state, unknown program content, etc.). In any case,after audio signature processor 316 makes a determination at block 1416or block 1420, execution of the machine readable instructions 1400 ends.

Second example machine readable instructions 1500 that may be executedto implement the audio signature processor 316 of FIG. 3 are shown inFIG. 15 . The machine readable instructions 1500 process audio signalsemitted by an information presenting device (e.g., the display device120 of FIG. 1 ), detected by an audio sensor (e.g., the audio sensor 204of FIGS. 2 and 6 ) and input to the audio signature processor 316. Themachine readable instructions 1500 may be executed periodically (e.g.,as part of a program loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response toone or more events) to determine whether the monitored informationpresenting device is ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 1500begin execution at block 1504 at which the audio signature processor 316performs an AGC algorithm which causes a VGA (e.g., the VGA 616 of FIG.6 ) to amplify or attenuate the audio signal (e.g., the audio signal 230of FIGS. 2 and 6 ) applied to the input of the audio signature processor316. The audio signal is amplified/attenuated to appropriately fill thedynamic range of an A/D converter (e.g., the A/D converter 604 of FIG. 6) used to sample and convert the audio signal to a digital format forfurther processing. AGC algorithms are discussed in greater detail abovein connection with FIG. 13 and, as such, are not discussed furtherherein.

After convergence of the AGC algorithm at block 1504, control proceedsto block 1508 at which the audio signature processor 316 generates anaudio signature from the received audio signal. Any appropriatetechnique for generating audio signatures based on an audio signalcorresponding to a content presentation may be used, such as one or moreof those discussed above in connection with the description of FIG. 3 .

Control then proceeds to block 1512 at which the audio signatureprocessor 316 determines whether the audio signature generates at block1508 may be characterized as “hissy.” Typically, an audio signalcorresponding to audible program content exhibits significant peakenergy fluctuations caused by the varying pressure wave associated withthe audio emissions. Conversely, an audio signal corresponding tobackground noise or silence exhibits relatively small peak energyfluctuations about an average energy value resulting in sound typicallycharacterized as “hissy.” Thus, the audio signature processor 316 mayevaluate whether the audio signature generated at block 1508 is hissy todetermine whether a monitored information presenting device is emittingan audio signal corresponding to audible program content. In an examplehissy audio signature detection algorithm, the audio signature processor316 may compute a running average of peak energy values of the audiosignal. Then, if a particular peak energy value is within some regionabout this running average, the audio signature processor 316 maydetermine that a possible hissy state has been entered. If such apossible hissy state exists for a period of time (e.g., three seconds),the audio signature processor 316 may decide that a definite hissy statehas been entered and declare the generated audio signature to be hissy.Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that manytechniques may be used to determine whether an audio signature is hissyor, in other words, corresponds to silence or background noise. Forexample, the average time between audio energy peaks or the variabilityof the standard deviation of the audio energy peaks may be used todetermine whether the audio signal energy fluctuates sufficiently toindicate the presence of an audio content presentation or is relativelystatic and, therefore, indicative of silence or background noise.

Returning to FIG. 15 , if at block 1512 the audio signature processor316 determines that the audio signature generated at block 1408 ishissy, control proceeds to block 1516 at which the audio signatureprocessor 316 determines that the monitored information presentingdevice is OFF. The audio signature processor 316 makes such adetermination because a hissy signature indicates that the receivedaudio signal corresponds most likely to background noise and not audioemanating from the monitored information presenting device, therebyindicating that the information presenting device is OFF. If, however,at block 1512 the audio signature processor 316 determines that thegenerated audio signature is not hissy, control proceeds to block 1520at which the audio signature processor 316 determines that the monitoredinformation presenting device is probably ON. Here, the audio signatureprocessor 316 uses the lack of a hissyness to decide that the monitoredinformation presenting device is probably emitting an audio signalcorresponding to presented program content and, therefore, is probablyturned ON. In any case, after audio signature processor 316 makes adetermination at block 1516 or block 1520, execution of the machinereadable instructions 1500 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 1600 that may be executed toimplement the audio gain level processor 320 of FIG. 3 are shown in FIG.16 . The machine readable instructions 1600 process audio signalsemitted by an information presenting device (e.g., the display device120 of FIG. 1 ), detected by an audio sensor (e.g., the audio sensor 204of FIGS. 2 and 6 ) and input to the audio gain level processor 320. Themachine readable instructions 1600 may be executed periodically (e.g.,as part of a program loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response toone or more events) to determine whether the monitored informationpresenting device is ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 1600begin execution at block 1604 at which the audio gain level processor320 performs an AGC algorithm which causes a VGA (e.g., the VGA 616 ofFIG. 6 ) to amplify or attenuate the audio signal (e.g., the audiosignal 230 of FIGS. 2 and 6 ) applied to the input of the audio gainlevel processor 320. The audio signal is amplified/attenuated toappropriately fill the dynamic range of an A/D converter (e.g., the A/Dconverter 604 of FIG. 6 ) used to sample and convert the audio signal toa digital format for further processing. AGC algorithms are discussed ingreater detail above in connection with FIG. 13 and, as such, are notdiscussed further herein.

After convergence of the AGC algorithm at block 1604, control proceedsto block 1608 at which the audio gain level processor 320 examines thesteady-state audio gain level to which the AGC algorithm converged atblock 1604. In particular, the audio gain level processor 320 determineswhether the steady-state audio gain level exceeds a predeterminedthreshold indicative of the AGC algorithm converging to a large,possibly maximum, gain. Such a large/maximum convergence would occur ofthe input audio signal corresponded to silence or background noise. Ifat block 1612 the audio gain level processor 320 determines that thesteady-state audio gain level achieved at block 1604 does not exceed thepredetermined threshold, control proceeds to block 1616 at which theaudio gain level processor 320 determines that the monitored informationpresenting device is probably ON. The audio gain level processor 320makes such a determination because the steady-state gain level indicatesthat an audio signal emitted from the monitored information presentingdevice was probably detected and provided as input to the audio gainlevel processor 320. If, however, at block 1612 the steady-state audiogain level exceeds the threshold, control proceeds to block 1620 atwhich audio gain level processor 320 determines that the monitoredinformation presenting device is probably OFF. Here, the audio gainlevel processor 320 uses the large/maximum steady-state audio gain todecide that the monitored information presenting device is probably notemitting an audio signal corresponding to presented program content and,therefore, is probably turned OFF. In any case, after audio gain levelprocessor 320 makes a determination at block 1616 or block 1620,execution of the machine readable instructions 1600 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 1700 that may be executed toimplement the horizontal sync audio processor 324 of FIG. 3 are shown inFIG. 17 . The machine readable instructions 1700 process audio noisesignals emitted by, for example, a horizontal scan fly-back transformerof an information presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 ofFIG. 1 ), detected by an audio sensor (e.g., the audio sensor 204 ofFIGS. 2 and 6 ) and input to the horizontal sync audio processor 324.The machine readable instructions 1700 may be executed periodically(e.g., as part of a program loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., inresponse to one or more events) to determine whether the monitoredinformation presenting device is ON or OFF. The machine readableinstructions 1700 begin execution at block 1704 at which the horizontalsync audio processor 324 performs an AGC algorithm which causes a VGA(e.g., the VGA 616 of FIG. 6 ) to amplify or attenuate the audio signal(e.g., the audio signal 230 of FIGS. 2 and 6 ) applied to the input ofthe horizontal sync audio processor 324. The audio signal isamplified/attenuated to appropriately fill the dynamic range of an A/Dconverter (e.g., the A/D converter 604 of FIG. 6 ) used to sample andconvert the audio signal to a digital format for further processing. AGCalgorithms are discussed in greater detail above in connection with FIG.13 and, as such, are not discussed further herein.

After convergence of the AGC algorithm at block 1704, control proceedsto block 1708 at which the horizontal sync audio processor 324 examinesthe frequency spectrum of the input audio signal for characteristicscorresponding to audio emitted by a fly-back transformer. For example,and as discussed above in connection with FIG. 3 , a fly-backtransformer used in an information presenting device operating inaccordance with the NTSC standard may generate tonal audio emissionshaving a frequency of approximately 15.75 kHz. Therefore, if at block1712 the horizontal sync audio processor 324 detects the presence ofaudio frequency tones indicative of a fly-back transformer, controlproceeds to block 1716 at which the horizontal sync audio processor 324determines the monitored information presenting device is ON. Thehorizontal sync audio processor 324 makes such a determination becausethe presence of audio emissions corresponding to a fly-back transformerindicates that the monitored information presenting device is operatingin an active state. If, however, at block 1712 the horizontal sync audioprocessor 324 does not detect the presence of audio frequency tonesindicative of a fly-back transformer, control proceeds to block 1720 atwhich the horizontal sync audio processor 324 determines the monitoredinformation presenting device is probably OFF. Here, the horizontal syncaudio processor 324 uses the lack of audio emissions corresponding to afly-back transformer to decide that the monitored information presentingdevice is probably not operating and, therefore, is probably turned OFF.In any case, after the horizontal sync audio processor 324 makes adetermination at block 1716 or block 1720, execution of the machinereadable instructions 1700 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 1800 that may be executed toimplement the quiet time detector 328 of FIG. 3 are shown in FIG. 18 .The machine readable instructions 1800 process audio signals emitted byan information presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1), detected by an audio sensor (e.g., the audio sensor 204 of FIGS. 2and 6 ) and input to the audio gain level processor 320. The machinereadable instructions 1800 may be executed periodically (e.g., as partof a program loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response to one ormore events) to determine whether the monitored information presentingdevice is ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 1800 beginexecution at block 1804 at which the quiet time detector 328 performs anAGC algorithm which causes a VGA (e.g., the VGA 616 of FIG. 6 ) toamplify or attenuate the audio signal (e.g., the audio signal 230 ofFIGS. 2 and 6 ) applied to the input of the quiet time detector 328. Theaudio signal is amplified/attenuated to appropriately fill the dynamicrange of an A/D converter (e.g., the A/D converter 604 of FIG. 6 ) usedto sample and convert the audio signal to a digital format for furtherprocessing. AGC algorithms are discussed in greater detail above inconnection with FIG. 13 and, as such, are not discussed further herein.

After convergence of the AGC algorithm at block 1804, control proceedsto block 1808 at which the quiet time detector 328 performs a quiet timedetector algorithm to determine whether the audio signal includes anyperiods of silence indicative of, for example, a channel changeoperation, a transition between broadcast program content and acommercial, etc. Any appropriate technique for detecting intervals ofquiet time based on an audio signal corresponding to a contentpresentation may be used, such as the technique discussed above inconnection with the description of FIG. 3 . If at block 1812 the quiettime detector 328 determines that a quiet time interval was detected atblock 1808, control proceeds to block 1816 at which the quiet timedetector 328 determines that the monitored information presenting deviceis probably ON. The quiet time detector 328 makes such a determinationbecause the audio signal emitted from the monitored informationpresenting device includes quiet time intervals probably indicative ofshort interruptions of program content presented by anactively-operating information presenting device.

If, however, at block 1812 a quiet time interval is not detected,control proceeds to block 1820 at which the quiet time detector 328determines whether a quiet time interval was detected within apredetermined preceding interval of time. If at block 1820 the quiettime detector 328 determines that a quiet time interval was detectedwithin the preceding interval of time, control proceeds to block 1816 atwhich the quiet time detector 328 determines that the monitoredinformation presenting device is probably ON. The quiet time detector328 makes such a determination because the audio signal emitted from themonitored information presenting device recently included quiet timeintervals probably indicative of short interruptions of program contentpresented by an actively-operating information presenting device. If,however, at block 1820 the quiet time detector 328 determines that aquiet time interval was also not detected within the predeterminedpreceding interval of time, control proceeds to block 1828 at which thequiet time detector 328 determines that the monitored informationpresenting device is probably OFF. Here, the quiet time detector 328uses the lack of a quiet time interval within the predetermined periodof time to decide that the monitored information presenting device isprobably not emitting an audio signal corresponding to presented programcontent and, therefore, is probably turned OFF. In any case, after quiettime detector 328 makes a determination at block 1816 or block 1828,execution of the machine readable instructions 1800 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 1900 that may be executed toimplement the fan noise detector 332 of FIG. 3 are shown in FIG. 19 .The machine readable instructions 1900 process audio signals emitted byan information presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1), detected by an audio sensor (e.g., the audio sensor 204 of FIGS. 2and 6 ) and input to the fan noise detector 332. The machine readableinstructions 1900 may be executed periodically (e.g., as part of aprogram loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response to one or moreevents) to determine whether the monitored information presenting deviceis ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 1900 begin execution atblock 1904 at which the fan noise detector 332 performs an AGC algorithmwhich causes a VGA (e.g., the VGA 616 of FIG. 6 ) to amplify orattenuate the audio signal (e.g., the audio signal 230 of FIGS. 2 and 6) applied to the input of the fan noise detector 332. The audio signalis amplified/attenuated to appropriately fill the dynamic range of anA/D converter (e.g., the A/D converter 604 of FIG. 6 ) used to sampleand convert the audio signal to a digital format for further processing.AGC algorithms are discussed in greater detail above in connection withFIG. 13 and, as such, are not discussed further herein.

After convergence of the AGC algorithm at block 1904, control proceedsto block 1908 at which the fan noise detector 332 checks for thepresence of fan noise in the received audio signal. Fan noise from anoperating information presenting device typically exhibits tonal energyin the frequency range between 300 Hz and 5 kHz. As such, any knowntechnique for detecting tonal audio signals in this (or any otherappropriate) frequency range may be used at block 1908. If at block 1912the fan noise detector 332 detects the presence of fan noise, controlproceeds to block 1916 at which the fan noise detector 332 determinesthe monitored information presenting device is probably ON. The fannoise detector 332 makes such a determination because the presence offan noise indicates that the monitored information presenting device isprobably operating and presenting program content. If, however, at block1912 the fan noise detector 332 does not detect the presence of fannoise, control proceeds to block 1920 at which the fan noise detector332 determines the monitored information presenting device is probablyOFF. Here, the fan noise detector 332 uses the lack of fan noise todecide that the monitored information presenting device is probably notoperating and, therefore, is probably turned OFF. In any case, after thefan noise detector 332 makes a determination at block 1916 or block1920, execution of the machine readable instructions 1900 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 2000 that may be executed toimplement the audio source detector 336 of FIG. 3 are shown in FIG. 20 .The machine readable instructions 2000 process audio signals emitted byan information presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1), detected by audio sensors (e.g., the audio sensors 204A-B of FIG. 7 )and input to the audio source detector 336. The machine readableinstructions 20000 may be executed periodically (e.g., as part of aprogram loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response to one or moreevents) to determine whether the monitored information presenting deviceis ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 2000 begin execution atblock 2004 at which the audio source detector 336 performs AGCalgorithms which cause VGAs (e.g., the VGAs 716A-B of FIG. 7 ) toamplify or attenuate audio signals (e.g., the audio signals 230A-B ofFIG. 7 ) applied to the inputs of the audio source detector 336. Theaudio signals are amplified/attenuated to appropriately fill the dynamicrange of A/D converters (e.g., the A/D converters 704A-B of FIG. 7 )used to sample and convert the audio signals to a digital format forfurther processing. AGC algorithms are discussed in greater detail abovein connection with FIG. 13 and, as such, are not discussed furtherherein.

After convergence of the AGC algorithms at block 2004, control proceedsto block 2008 at which the audio source detector 336 performs a sourcedetection algorithm to determine the source of the input audio signals.Any appropriate technique for audio source detection may be used, suchas one or more of those discussed above in connection with thedescription of FIG. 3 . Next, if at block 2012 the audio source detector336 determines that the audio source location coincides with thelocation of the monitored information presenting device, controlproceeds to block 2016 at which the audio source detector 336 determinesthe monitored information presenting device is probably ON. The audiosource detector 336 makes such a determination because the audio sourcedetection algorithm performed at block 2008 detected audio probablyemanating from the monitored information presenting device andcorresponding to presented program content. If, however, at block 2012the location of the detected audio source does not correspond with themonitored information presenting device, control proceeds to block 2020at which the audio source detector 336 determines the monitoredinformation presenting device is probably OFF. Here, the audio sourcedetector 336 decides the input audio signal probably does not correspondto the monitored information presenting device and, thus, theinformation presenting device is probably OFF. In any case, after theaudio source detector 336 makes a determination at block 2016 or block2020, execution of the machine readable instructions 2000 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 2100 that may be executed toimplement the visible light rhythm processor 412 of FIG. 4 are shown inFIG. 21 . The machine readable instructions 2100 process visible lightemitted by the display of an information presenting device (e.g., thedisplay device 120 of FIG. 1 ). The emitted light is detected by a videosensor (e.g., the video sensor 208 of FIGS. 2 and 8 ) positioned tomonitor the display of the monitored information presenting device(hereinafter referred to as the monitored display). The video sensorconverts the emitted light to an electrical signal which is input to thevisible light rhythm processor 412. The machine readable instructions2100 may be executed periodically (e.g., as part of a program loop)and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response to one or more events) todetermine whether the monitored information presenting device is ON orOFF.

The machine readable instructions 2100 begin execution at block 2104 atwhich the visible light rhythm processor 412 determines the intensity ofthe light detected by the video sensor by sampling the signal providedby the video sensor. Next, control proceeds to block 2108 at which thevisible light rhythm processor 412 examines the light intensities, forexample, over a predetermined interval of time. If at block 2112 thevisible light rhythm processor 412 determines that the light intensitiesindicate that the monitored display is active, control proceeds to block2116 at which the visible light rhythm processor 412 determines that themonitored information presenting device is probably ON. The visiblelight rhythm processor 412 makes such a determination, for example, bycomparing the light intensities to a predetermined thresholdcorresponding to a light intensity visible to the human eye and,therefore, probably indicative of the information presenting devicedisplaying active program content. If, however, at block 2112 thevisible light rhythm processor 412 determines that the light intensitiesdo not indicate that the monitored display is active, control proceedsto block 2120 at which the visible light rhythm processor 412 determinesthat the monitored information presenting device is probably OFF. Here,the lack of detected light intensities which would be visible to thehuman eye probably indicates that the monitored information presentingdevice is inactive and, therefore, probably turned OFF. In any case,after the visible light rhythm processor 412 makes a determination atblock 2116 or block 2120, execution of the machine readable instructions2100 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 2200 that may be executed toimplement the display activity detector 416 of FIG. 4 are shown in FIG.22 . The machine readable instructions 2200 process video imagescorresponding to an area including the display of an informationpresenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1 ). The videoimages are detected by a video sensor (e.g., the video sensor 208 ofFIGS. 2 and 8 ) and input to the display activity detector 416. Thevideo sensor is positioned to monitor an area including the display ofthe monitored information presenting device (hereinafter referred to asthe monitored display). The machine readable instructions 2200 may beexecuted periodically (e.g., as part of a program loop) and/oraperiodically (e.g., in response to one or more events) to determinewhether the monitored information presenting device is ON or OFF.

The machine readable instructions 2200 begin execution at block 2204 atwhich the display activity detector 416 captures video frames based onthe video signal (e.g., the video signal 234 of FIGS. 2 and 8 ) appliedto the input of the display activity detector 416. As discussed above,the display activity detector 416 may use a frame grabber (e.g., theframe grabber 804 of FIG. 8 ) to capture the video frames. After thevideo frames are captured at 2204, control proceeds to block 2208 atwhich the display activity detector 416 locates the monitored display inthe captured video frames. Control then proceeds to block 2212 at whichthe display activity detector 416 extracts one or more regionscorresponding to the monitored display from each captured video frame.Then, at block 2216, the display activity detector 416 compares theextracted regions between successive video frames to determine whetherthe regions differ. For example, the display activity detector 416 maycompute a distance metric between the same regions in successive videoframes. Then, if the distance metric exceeds a predetermined threshold,the display activity detector 416 may determine that a change hasoccurred in the region over time.

Returning to FIG. 22 , if at block 2220 the display activity detector416 detects that the extracted regions differ between successive videoframes, control proceeds to block 2224 at which the display activitydetector 416 determines the monitored information presenting device isON. The display activity detector 416 makes such a determination becausethe change in the extracted regions indicate that the monitored displayis displaying a changing video presentation and, thus, that themonitored information presenting device is ON. If, however, at block2220 the display activity detector 416 does not detect a differencebetween the extracted regions, control proceeds to block 2228 at whichthe display activity detector 416 determines the monitored informationpresenting device is probably OFF. Here, the display activity detector416 uses the lack of a change in the extracted regions to decide thatthe monitored display is not displaying a changing video presentationand, therefore, the monitored information presenting device is probablyturned OFF.

The display activity detector 416 may be configured to increase theconfidence of the OFF decision by examining, for example, the color ofthe extracted region. If the color of the extracted region is a uniformdark color (e.g., black), the display activity detector 416 maydetermine that the monitored display is more likely turned OFF than, forexample, displaying a paused video image. In any case, after the displayactivity detector 416 makes a determination at block 2224 or block 2228,execution of the machine readable instructions 2200 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 2300 that may be executed toimplement the electromagnetic (EM) field detector 512 of FIG. 5 areshown in FIG. 23 . The machine readable instructions 2300 process an EMfield signal corresponding to an EM field emitted by an informationpresenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1 ), detected byan emission sensor (e.g., the emission sensor 212 of FIGS. 2 and 9A-B)and input to the EM field detector 512. The machine readableinstructions 2300 may be executed periodically (e.g., as part of aprogram loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response to one or moreevents) to determine whether the monitored information presenting deviceis ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 2300 begin execution atblock 2304 at which the EM field detector 512 samples the input EM fieldsignal. After sampling the input EM field signal, control proceeds toblock 2308 at which the EM field detector 512 compares the sampled EMfield signal to a predetermined threshold determined, for example, by acalibration procedure which measures the background EM field in an areasurrounding the monitored information presenting device.

If at block 2308 the EM field detector 512 determines that the sampledEM field signal exceeds the threshold, control proceeds to block 2312 atwhich the EM field detector 512 determines the monitored informationpresenting device is ON. The EM field detector 512 makes such adetermination because the presence of an EM field exceeding thepredetermined threshold indicates that the monitored informationpresenting device is turned ON and operating in an active mode. If,however, at block 2308 the EM field detector 512 determines that the EMfield signal does not exceed the threshold, control proceeds to block2316 at which the EM field detector 512 determines the monitoredinformation presenting device is OFF. Here, the EM field detector 512uses the lack of a significant EM field to decide that the monitoredinformation presenting device is not operating in an active mode and,therefore, is turned OFF. In any case, after the EM field detector 512makes a determination at block 2312 or block 2316, execution of themachine readable instructions 2300 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 2400 that may be executed toimplement the current detector 516 of FIG. 5 are shown in FIG. 24 . Themachine readable instructions 2400 process a measured current signalcorresponding to current drawn from a power source coupled to aninformation presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1 ),detected by an emission sensor (e.g., the emission sensor 212 of FIGS. 2and 10 ) and input to the current detector 516. The machine readableinstructions 2400 may be executed periodically (e.g., as part of aprogram loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response to one or moreevents) to determine whether the monitored information presenting deviceis ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 2400 begin execution atblock 2404 at which the current detector 516 samples the input currentsignal. After sampling the input current signal, control proceeds toblock 2408 at which the current detector 516 compares the sampledcurrent signal to a predetermined threshold determined, for example, mymeasuring the amount of current drawn by the monitored informationpresenting device in an OFF or standby/sleep mode.

If at block 2408 the current detector 516 determines that the sampledcurrent signal exceeds the threshold, control proceeds to block 2412 atwhich the current detector 516 determines the monitored informationpresenting device is ON. The current detector 516 makes such adetermination because a current signal exceeding the predeterminedthreshold indicates that the monitored information presenting device isturned ON and drawing current from the associated power source. If,however, at block 2408 the current detector 516 determines that thecurrent signal does not exceed the threshold, control proceeds to block2416 at which the current detector 516 determines the monitoredinformation presenting device is OFF. Here, the current detector 516uses the lack of a significant current signal to decide that themonitored information presenting device is not operating in an activemode and, therefore, is turned OFF. In any case, after the currentdetector 516 makes a determination at block 2412 or block 2416,execution of the machine readable instructions 2400 ends.

Example machine readable instructions 2500 that may be executed toimplement the temperature detector 520 of FIG. 5 are shown in FIG. 25 .The machine readable instructions 2500 process measured temperaturemeasurements corresponding to heat emitted from an informationpresenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1 ), as well aspossibly the ambient air temperature in a room in which the monitoredinformation presenting device is located. The temperature measurementsare detected by appropriately configured emission sensors (e.g., theemission sensors 212A-B of FIG. 11 ) and input to the temperaturedetector 516. The machine readable instructions 2500 may be executedperiodically (e.g., as part of a program loop) and/or aperiodically(e.g., in response to one or more events) to determine whether themonitored information presenting device is ON or OFF. The machinereadable instructions 2500 begin execution at block 2504 at which thetemperature detector 520 samples the temperature signal generated by afirst emission sensor positioned to permit measurement of thetemperature of the monitored information presenting device. Next,control proceeds to block 2508 at which the temperature detector 520samples the temperature signal generated by a second emission sensorpositioned to permit measurement of the ambient air temperature.

After sampling of the respective temperature signals, control thenproceeds to block 2512 at which the temperature detector 520 comparesthe monitored information presenting device's temperature to the ambientair temperature, possible offset by a threshold to improve ON/OFFdetection reliability. If at block 2512 the temperature detector 520determines that the monitored information presenting device'stemperature sufficiently exceeds the ambient air temperature (based onthe additional threshold amount), control proceeds to block 2516 atwhich the temperature detector 520 determines that the monitoredinformation presenting device is ON. The temperature detector 520 makessuch a determination because the monitored information presentingdevice's temperature indicates that heat is being emitted and, thus,that the device is turned ON. If, however, at block 2512 monitoredinformation presenting device's temperature does not sufficiently exceedthe ambient air temperature, control proceeds to block 2520 at which thetemperature detector 520 determines the monitored information presentingdevice is OFF. Here, the temperature detector 520 uses the lack of asignificant heat emission to decide that the monitored informationpresenting device is not operating in an active mode and, therefore, isturned OFF. In any case, after the temperature detector 520 makes adetermination at block 2516 or block 2520, execution of the machinereadable instructions 2500 ends. Persons of ordinary skill in the artwill appreciate that the processing at step 2508 may be eliminated toreduce the number of required emission sensors if, for example, thethreshold at block 2512 is modified to incorporate an expected/averageambient air temperature.

Example machine readable instructions 2600 that may be executed toimplement the remote control activity detector 524 and/or the peoplemeter activity detector 528 of FIG. 5 are shown in FIG. 26 . To simplifythe description of FIG. 26 , the remote control activity detector 524and the people meter activity detector 528 will be referred to generallyand collectively as the “remote input device activity detector 524/528.”The machine readable instructions 2600 process control signals emittedby one or more remote input devices (e.g., the remote control device 160and/or the people meter control device 164 of FIG. 1 ) associated withan information presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1). The control signals are detected by appropriately configured emissionsensors (e.g., the emission sensors 212 of FIG. 12A-B) and input to theremote input device activity detector 524/528. The machine readableinstructions 2600 may be executed periodically (e.g., as part of aprogram loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., in response to one or moreevents) to determine whether the monitored information presenting deviceis ON or OFF.

The machine readable instructions 2600 begin execution at block 2604 atwhich the remote input device activity detector 524/528initializes/configures a receiver (e.g., the IR receiver 1204 of FIG.12A, the wireless receiver 1254 of FIG. 12B and/or the ultrasonicreceiver 1284 of FIG. 12C) which receives and transforms the controlsignals detected by the emission sensor into a form suitable forsubsequent processing by the remote input device activity detector524/528. After the receiver is appropriately configured, controlproceeds to block 2608 at which the remote input device activitydetector 524/528 processes the received control signals. If at block2612 the remote input device activity detector 524/528 determines thatthe received control signals correspond to known and/or unknown remoteinput device activity, control proceeds to block 2616 at which theremote input device activity detector 524/528 determines that themonitored information presenting device is probably ON. For example,known activity could include power ON commands, channel change commands,volume change/mute commands, prompt responses, etc., whereas unknownactivity could include a noticeable increase in IR, RF or ultrasonicenergy, a cluster of received IR, RF or ultrasonic pulses, etc. Theremote input device activity detector 524/528 makes such a determinationat block 2616 because the receipt of control signals corresponding toknown and/or unknown remote input device activity indicates that a useris probably operating and/or responding to an active informationpresenting device.

If, however, at block 2612 control signals corresponding to known and/orunknown remote input device activity are not detected, control proceedsto block 2620 at which the remote input device activity detector 524/528determines the monitored information presenting device is probably OFF.Here, the remote input device activity detector 524/528 uses the lack ofreceived control signals corresponding to known and/or unknown remoteinput device activity to decide that the monitored informationpresenting device is not being controlled and/or responded to by a userand, therefore, is probably turned OFF. In any case, after the remoteinput device activity detector 524/528 makes a determination at block2616 or block 2620, execution of the machine readable instructions 2600ends.

Example machine readable instructions 2700 that may be executed toimplement the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 are shown in FIG. 27 .The machine readable instructions 2700 may be executed periodically(e.g., as part of a program loop) and/or aperiodically (e.g., inresponse to one or more events) to determine whether a monitoredinformation presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 of FIG. 1 )is ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions 2700 process, forexample, the ON/OFF decision outputs 246, 248 and/or 250 generated bythe audio processors 228, the video processors 232 and the emissionprocessors 236, respectively, of FIG. 2 . The individual audioprocessors 228, the video processors 232 and the emission processors 236make autonomous decisions concerning whether a monitored informationpresenting device is turned ON or OFF. The machine readable instructions2700 enable the decision processor 244 to combine the individual,autonomous ON/OFF decisions into a single, comprehensive decisionregarding whether the monitored information presenting device is turnedON or OFF.

The machine readable instructions 2700 begin execution at block 2704 atwhich the decision processor 244 samples the audio decision outputs 246(also called audio decision metrics 246) generated by the audioprocessors 228. Next, control proceeds to block 2708 at which thedecision processor 244 samples the video decision outputs 248 (alsocalled video decision metrics 248) generated by the video processors232. Control then proceeds to block 2712 at which the decision processor244 samples the emission decision outputs 250 (also called emissiondecision metrics 250) generated by the emission processors 236. Then,after all the decision metrics have been sampled, control proceeds toblock 2716 at which the decision processor 244 weights the decisionmetrics by, for example, scaling or assigning a value to each decisionmetric corresponding to the confidence associated with the decisionmetric. For example, and referring to the examples of FIGS. 13-26 above,at block 2716 the decision processor 244 may assign a value of +1 todecision metric of “ON,” a value of +0.5 to a decision metric of“probably ON,” a value of −0.5 to a decision metric of “probably OFF”and a value of −1 to a decision metric of “OFF.”

Next, control proceeds to block 2720 at which the decision processor 244combines all of the individual decision metrics (e.g., via addition) todetermine a weighted majority vote of the individual decisions made bythe audio processors 228, the video processors 232 and the emissionprocessors 236. Then, if at block 2724 the majority vote favors adecision that the monitored information presenting device is ON (e.g.,if the weighted majority vote results in a positive value), controlproceeds to block 2728 at which the decision processor 244 declares themonitored information presenting device to be ON. However, if at block2724 the majority vote favors a decision that the monitored informationpresenting device is OFF (e.g., if the majority vote results in anegative value), control proceeds to block 2732 at which the decisionprocessor 244 declares the monitored information presenting device to beOFF. In the case of a tie, the decision processor 244 may be configured,for example, to favor either a decision of ON or OFF depending on theparticular monitored information presenting device, to produce an outputindicating that the state of the monitored information presenting deviceis indeterminate, etc. In any case, after the decision processor 244makes a determination at block 2728 or block 2732, execution of themachine readable instructions 2700 ends.

FIG. 28 illustrates second example machine readable instructions 2800that may be executed to implement the decision processor 244 of FIG. 2 .As in the case of the example machine readable instructions 2700 of FIG.27 , the machine readable instructions 2800 of FIG. 28 may be executedperiodically (e.g., as part of a program loop) and/or aperiodically(e.g., in response to one or more events) to determine whether amonitored information presenting device (e.g., the display device 120 ofFIG. 1 ) is ON or OFF. Furthermore, the machine readable instructions2800 similarly process, for example, the ON/OFF decision outputs 246,248 and/or 250 generated by the audio processors 228, the videoprocessors 232 and the emission processors 236, respectively, of FIG. 2. As such, blocks having substantially equivalent functionality in theexamples of FIGS. 27 and 28 are labeled with the same reference numeral.The interested reader is referred to the description of FIG. 27 abovefor a detailed description of these blocks.

Turning to the example of FIG. 28 , the example machine readableinstructions 2800 implement a two-stage weighted majority votingprocedure, in contrast with the single-stage voting procedureimplemented by the example machine readable instructions 2700 of FIG. 27. Specifically, after sampling the audio decision metrics 246 at block2704, control proceeds to block 2806 at which the decision processor 244computes a weighted majority vote of the audio decision metrics. Theaudio metric weighted majority vote may be computed at block 2806, forexample, by scaling or assigning a value to each sampled audio decisionmetric 246 and then adding the resulting metrics to determine the audiometric weighted majority vote. Similarly, a video metric weightedmajority vote and an emission metric weighted majority vote may becomputed at blocks 2810 and 2814, respectively, after the correspondingvideo decision metrics and emission decision metrics are sampled atblocks 2708 and 2712 as shown.

Next, after processing at blocks 2806, 2810 and 2812 completes, controlproceeds to block 2818 at which the decision processor 244 may furtherweight the individual audio, video and emission metric weighted majorityvotes based on, for example, the confidence and/or importance associatedwith the particular type of metric. Control then proceeds to block 2822at which the decision processor 244 combines the resulting individualaudio, video and emission metric weighted majority votes to determine anoverall majority vote. Then, control proceeds to block 2724 and blockssubsequent thereto as discussed above in connection with FIG. 27 atwhich the decision processor 244 uses the overall weighted majority voteto decide whether the monitored information presenting device is turnedON or OFF. Execution of the machine readable instructions 2800 thenends.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the examplesof FIGS. 27 and 28 are but two techniques contemplated by the disclosureherein for combining the ON/OFF decision outputs 246, 248 and/or 250generated by, respectively, the audio processors 228, the videoprocessors 232 and the emission processors 236. As another example, thedecision processor 244 could combine the ON/OFF decision outputs 246,248 and/or 250 based on whether a particular decision output correspondsto a presentation by the monitored information presenting device orwhether the decision output corresponds to a physical operation of theinformation presenting device. In such an example, a first weightedmajority vote corresponding to the presentation by the monitoredinformation presenting device could be computed from, for example, thedecision outputs from any or all of the audio code detector 312, theaudio signature processor 316, the audio gain level processor 320, thequiet time detector 332, the audio source detector 336, the visiblelight rhythm processor 412 and/or the display activity detector 416. Asecond weighted majority vote corresponding to the physical operation ofthe monitored information presenting device could be computed from, forexample, the decision outputs from any or all of the horizontal syncaudio processor 324, the fan noise detector 332, the EM field detector512, the current detector 516, the temperature detector 520, the remotecontrol activity detector 524 and/or the people meter activity detector528. Then, the first and second weighted majority votes could becombined to generate an overall majority vote to determine whether themonitored information presenting device is turned ON or OFF.

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of an example computer 2900 capable ofimplementing the apparatus and methods disclosed herein. The computer2900 can be, for example, a server, a personal computer, a personaldigital assistant (PDA), an Internet appliance, a DVD player, a CDplayer, a digital video recorder, a personal video recorder, a set topbox, or any other type of computing device.

The system 2900 of the instant example includes a processor 2912 such asa general purpose programmable processor. The processor 2912 includes alocal memory 2914, and executes coded instructions 2916 present in thelocal memory 2914 and/or in another memory device. The processor 2912may execute, among other things, the machine readable instructionsrepresented in FIGS. 13 through 28 and/or implement any or all of theprocessors 612, 712, 812, 912, 1012, 1112, 1212, 1262 and/or 1292. Theprocessor 2912 may be any type of processing unit, such as one or moremicroprocessor from the Intel® Centrino® family of microprocessors, theIntel® Pentium® family of microprocessors, the Intel® Itanium® family ofmicroprocessors, and/or the Intel XScale® family of processors. Ofcourse, other processors from other families are also appropriate.

The processor 2912 is in communication with a main memory including avolatile memory 2918 and a non-volatile memory 2920 via a bus 2922. Thevolatile memory 2918 may be implemented by Static Random Access Memory(SRAM), Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic RandomAccess Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/orany other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory2920 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type ofmemory device. Access to the main memory 2918, 2920 is typicallycontrolled by a memory controller (not shown) in a conventional manner.

The computer 2900 also includes a conventional interface circuit 2924.The interface circuit 2924 may be implemented by any type of well knowninterface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serialbus (USB), and/or a third generation input/output (3GIO) interface.

One or more input devices 2926 are connected to the interface circuit2924. The input device(s) 2926 permit a user to enter data and commandsinto the processor 2912. The input device(s) can be implemented by, forexample, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball,an isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.

One or more output devices 2928 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 2924. The output devices 2928 can be implemented, for example,by display devices (e.g., a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tubedisplay (CRT)), by a printer and/or by speakers. The interface circuit2924, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card.

The interface circuit 2924 also includes a communication device such asa modem or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data withexternal computers via a network (e.g., an Ethernet connection, adigital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, acellular telephone system, etc.).

The computer 2900 also includes one or more mass storage devices 2930for storing software and data. Examples of such mass storage devices2930 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drivesand digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. The mass storage device 2930may be used, for example, store any or all of the machine readableinstructions 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200,2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700 and/or 2800. Additionally, the volatilememory 1518 may be used, for example, to store any or all of the audiodecision metrics 246, the video decision metrics 248 and/or the emissiondecision metrics 250.

At least some of the above described example methods and/or apparatusare implemented by one or more software and/or firmware programs runningon a computer processor. However, dedicated hardware implementationsincluding, but not limited to, application specific integrated circuits(ASICs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs) and other hardware devices canlikewise be constructed to implement some or all of the example methodsand/or apparatus described herein, either in whole or in part.Furthermore, alternative software implementations including, but notlimited to, distributed processing or component/object distributedprocessing, parallel processing, or virtual machine processing can alsobe constructed to implement the example methods and/or apparatusdescribed herein.

It should also be noted that the example software and/or firmwareimplementations described herein are optionally stored on a tangiblestorage medium, such as: a magnetic medium (e.g., a magnetic disk ortape); a magneto-optical or optical medium such as an optical disk; or asolid state medium such as a memory card or other package that housesone or more read-only (non-volatile) memories, random access memories,or other re-writable (volatile) memories; or a signal containingcomputer instructions. A digital file attached to e-mail or otherinformation archive or set of archives is considered a distributionmedium equivalent to a tangible storage medium. Accordingly, the examplesoftware and/or firmware described herein can be stored on a tangiblestorage medium or distribution medium such as those described above orsuccessor storage media.

Additionally, although this patent discloses example systems includingsoftware or firmware executed on hardware, it should be noted that suchsystems are merely illustrative and should not be considered aslimiting. For example, it is contemplated that any or all of thesehardware and software components could be embodied exclusively inhardware, exclusively in software, exclusively in firmware or in somecombination of hardware, firmware and/or software. Accordingly, whilethe above specification described example systems, methods and articlesof manufacture, persons of ordinary skill in the art will readilyappreciate that the examples are not the only way to implement suchsystems, methods and articles of manufacture. Therefore, althoughcertain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have beendescribed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limitedthereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus andarticles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the appendedclaims either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: interface circuitry;computer readable instructions; and programmable circuitry to executethe computer readable instructions to at least: access sensed datacorresponding to at least one output of a presentation device; determinea plurality of individual metrics based on the sensed data, ones of theindividual metrics to represent respective individual decisions of anoperational state of the presentation device, the ones of the individualmetrics to take on values from a plurality of possible value, theplurality of possible to include at least a first possible valueassociated with an ON state of the presentation device, a differentsecond possible value associated with the ON state of the presentationdevice, a different third possible value associated with an OFF state ofthe presentation device, and a different fourth possible valueassociated with the OFF state of the presentation device; and output acomprehensive decision metric that indicates whether the presentationdevice is in the ON state or the OFF state, the comprehensive decisionmetric based on a combination of the plurality of individual metrics. 2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the combination is based on a majorityvote of the plurality of individual metrics.
 3. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the ones of the individual metrics are to representrespective individual decisions of whether the operational state of thepresentation device corresponds to at least one of the ON state, aprobably ON state, a probably OFF state or the OFF state.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 3, wherein the first possible value is to indicatethat the presentation device is in the ON state, the second possiblevalue is to indicate that the presentation device is in the probably ONstate, the third possible value is to indicate that the presentationdevice is in the probably OFF state, and the fourth possible value is toindicate that the presentation device is in the OFF state.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the programmable circuitry is to determinethe ones of the individual metrics based on respective differentcharacteristics of the sensed data.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe sensed data includes first sensed data corresponding to a firstoutput of the presentation device and second sensed data correspondingto a second output of the presentation device, and the programmablecircuitry is to: determine a first individual metric in the plurality ofindividual metrics based on the first sensed data; and determine asecond individual metric in the plurality of individual metrics based onthe second sensed data.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the atleast one output of the presentation device includes at least one of anaudio output, a video output or another emission output of thepresentation device.
 8. At least one non-transitory computer-readablemedium storing computer readable instructions to cause one or moreprocessors to at least: access sensed data corresponding to at least oneoutput of a presentation device; determine a plurality of individualmetrics based on the sensed data, ones of the individual metrics torepresent respective individual decisions of an operational state of thepresentation device, the ones of the individual metrics to take onvalues from a plurality of possible value, the plurality of possible toinclude at least a first possible value associated with an ON state ofthe presentation device, a different second possible value associatedwith the ON state of the presentation device, a different third possiblevalue associated with an OFF state of the presentation device, and adifferent fourth possible value associated with the OFF state of thepresentation device; and output a comprehensive decision metric thatindicates whether the presentation device is in the ON state or the OFFstate, the comprehensive decision metric based on a combination of theplurality of individual metrics.
 9. The at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the combination is based ona majority vote of the plurality of individual metrics.
 10. The at leastone non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the onesof the individual metrics are to represent respective individualdecisions of whether the operational state of the presentation devicecorresponds to at least one of the ON state, a probably ON state, aprobably OFF state or the OFF state.
 11. The at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the first possible valueis to indicate that the presentation device is in the ON state, thesecond possible value is to indicate that the presentation device is inthe probably ON state, the third possible value is to indicate that thepresentation device is in the probably OFF state, and the fourthpossible value is to indicate that the presentation device is in the OFFstate.
 12. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 8, wherein the computer readable instructions are to cause the oneor more processors to determine the ones of the individual metrics basedon respective different characteristics of the sensed data.
 13. The atleast one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, whereinthe sensed data includes first sensed data corresponding to a firstoutput of the presentation device and second sensed data correspondingto a second output of the presentation device, and the computer readableinstructions are to cause the one or more processors to: determine afirst individual metric in the plurality of individual metrics based onthe first sensed data; and determine a second individual metric in theplurality of individual metrics based on the second sensed data.
 14. Theat least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, whereinthe at least one output of the presentation device includes at least oneof an audio output, a video output or another emission output of thepresentation device.
 15. A method comprising: accessing sensed datacorresponding to at least one output of a presentation device;determining, by executing an instruction with at least one processor, aplurality of individual metrics based on the sensed data, ones of theindividual metrics representing respective individual decisions of anoperational state of the presentation device, the ones of the individualmetrics to take on values from a plurality of possible value, theplurality of possible to include at least a first possible valueassociated with an ON state of the presentation device, a differentsecond possible value associated with the ON state of the presentationdevice, a different third possible value associated with an OFF state ofthe presentation device, and a different fourth possible valueassociated with the OFF state of the presentation device; andoutputting, by executing an instruction with the at least one processor,a comprehensive decision metric indicating whether the presentationdevice is in an ON state or an OFF state, the comprehensive decisionmetric based on a combination of the plurality of individual metrics.16. The method of claim 15, wherein the combination is based on amajority vote of the plurality of individual metrics.
 17. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the ones of the individual metrics representrespective individual decisions of whether the operational state of thepresentation device corresponds to at least one of the ON state, aprobably ON state, a probably OFF state or the OFF state.
 18. The methodof claim 17, wherein the first possible value is to indicate that thepresentation device is in the ON state, the second possible value is toindicate that the presentation device is in the probably ON state, thethird possible value is to indicate that the presentation device is inthe probably OFF state, and the fourth possible value is to indicatethat the presentation device is in the OFF state.
 19. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the determining of the plurality of individual metricsincludes determining the ones of the individual metrics based onrespective different characteristics of the sensed data.
 20. The methodof claim 15, wherein the sensed data includes first sensed datacorresponding to a first output of the presentation device and secondsensed data corresponding to a second output of the presentation device,and the determining of the plurality of individual metrics includes:determining a first individual metric in the plurality of individualmetrics based on the first sensed data; and determining a secondindividual metric in the plurality of individual metrics based on thesecond sensed data.